一、什么(me)是片堿(jian)
片(pian)(pian)堿俗稱：火(huo)堿;苛性鈉(na);燒堿;苛性堿;固堿。片(pian)(pian)堿性狀是白色(se)半透明片(pian)(pian)狀固體，片(pian)(pian)堿是基本化工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)原(yuan)料，廣泛用于造紙(zhi)(zhi)、合成洗滌及(ji)肥皂(zao)、粘膠纖維、人造絲及(ji)綿織(zhi)品等輕紡(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業方面(mian)，農(nong)藥、染料、橡膠和化學工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業方面(mian)、石(shi)油(you)鉆探，精煉石(shi)油(you)油(you)脂和提煉焦油(you)的石(shi)油(you)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業，以及(ji)國防工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業、機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業、木(mu)材加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、冶金(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業，醫藥工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業及(ji)城市建設等方面(mian)。還(huan)用于制造化學品、紙(zhi)(zhi)張、肥皂(zao)和洗滌劑(ji)、人造絲和玻璃紙(zhi)(zhi)，加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)鋁(lv)礬土制氧(yang)化鋁(lv)，還(huan)用于紡(fang)(fang)織(zhi)品的絲光處，水處理等。
二、毒性防護
具有極強腐蝕性，其(qi)溶(rong)液或粉(fen)塵濺(jian)到(dao)(dao)皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)上(shang)，尤其(qi)是濺(jian)到(dao)(dao)粘膜，可產生(sheng)軟痂，并能滲入(ru)深層(ceng)組織(zhi)。灼(zhuo)傷后(hou)留有瘢痕。濺(jian)入(ru)眼(yan)內，不僅(jin)損傷角(jiao)膜，而且可使眼(yan)睛深部組織(zhi)損傷。如不慎濺(jian)到(dao)(dao)皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)上(shang)立(li)即(ji)用(yong)清水(shui)沖洗10min；如濺(jian)入(ru)眼(yan)內，應(ying)立(li)即(ji)用(yong)清水(shui)或生(sheng)理鹽(yan)水(shui)沖洗15min，然后(hou)再(zai)點入(ru)2%奴佛卡因。嚴重者速送醫(yi)院治療。 空氣中(zhong)燒堿粉(fen)塵最(zui)高容許濃度為0.5mg/m3。 操作人員工(gong)作時必須穿戴(dai)工(gong)作服(fu)、口罩(zhao)、防護眼(yan)鏡、橡皮(pi)(pi)手套(tao)、橡皮(pi)(pi)圍(wei)裙、長統膠靴等勞(lao)保用(yong)品(pin)。應(ying)涂以中(zhong)性和疏水(shui)軟膏于皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)上(shang)。生(sheng)產車間應(ying)通風良好。
三、包裝儲運
片堿一(yi)(yi)般采用25kg三層塑編(bian)袋(dai)，內(nei)層和(he)外層為(wei)塑料編(bian)織袋(dai)，中(zhong)間(jian)一(yi)(yi)層為(wei)塑料內(nei)膜袋(dai)。片堿被《常(chang)用危(wei)險化學品(pin)的分類及標志(zhi) (GB 13690-92)》劃(hua)為(wei)第8.2 類堿性(xing)腐蝕品(pin)，屬八級危(wei)險品(pin)，危(wei)規編(bian)碼：1823。應貯存在通風、干(gan)燥的庫房或貨棚內(nei)。包裝容器要完整、密封(feng)。不(bu)得與易燃物和(he)酸類共貯混(hun)運。運輸過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)要注意防(fang)潮、防(fang)雨。失火時，可用水、砂土(tu)和(he)各種滅火器撲救，但消防(fang)人員應注意水中(zhong)溶入(ru)燒堿后的腐蝕性(xing)。
四、物化性質
純(chun)品為無色透(tou)明晶體(ti)，相對(dui)密度2.130。熔點318.4℃。沸點1390℃。市售(shou)燒(shao)堿(jian)有(you)固(gu)(gu)態和液(ye)態兩(liang)種(zhong)：純(chun)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)燒(shao)堿(jian)呈白色，有(you)塊裝、片狀(zhuang)、棒狀(zhuang)、粒狀(zhuang)，質脆；純(chun)液(ye)體(ti)燒(shao)堿(jian)為無色透(tou)明液(ye)體(ti)。固(gu)(gu)體(ti)燒(shao)堿(jian)有(you)很強的吸濕(shi)性。易溶(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)水，溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解時放熱，水溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)呈堿(jian)性，有(you)滑膩(ni)感；溶(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)乙(yi)醇和甘油；不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)丙酮、乙(yi)醚。腐蝕(shi)性極強，對(dui)纖維、皮膚、玻璃(li)、陶瓷等(deng)(deng)有(you)腐蝕(shi)作(zuo)用。與(yu)(yu)金屬鋁和鋅、非金屬硼和硅等(deng)(deng)反(fan)應放出氫；與(yu)(yu)氯、溴、碘(dian)等(deng)(deng)鹵素發生(sheng)歧化(hua)反(fan)應；與(yu)(yu)酸類起中和作(zuo)用而生(sheng)成鹽和水。
保存固體(ti)氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鈉時(shi)要注(zhu)意把封嚴，防止暴露在(zai)空氣(qi)中吸收(shou)水分潮解或與(yu)二氧(yang)化(hua)碳。在(zai)用(yong)(yong)玻璃(li)瓶盛放(fang)片堿或者(zhe)其他形態的(de)氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鈉時(shi)，不可用(yong)(yong)玻璃(li)瓶塞(sai)，應換用(yong)(yong)膠(jiao)塞(sai)，因(yin)氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)鈉會(hui)與(yu)玻璃(li)中的(de)二氧(yang)化(hua)硅反應生成硅酸鈉導致瓶塞(sai)與(yu)瓶體(ti)粘接不易(yi)打開。
應用(yong) 廣(guang)泛用于(yu)造(zao)(zao)紙(zhi)、合成洗(xi)(xi)滌(di)及肥皂、粘膠(jiao)纖維、人造(zao)(zao)絲及綿織品等輕紡(fang)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)方面(mian)，農藥、染(ran)料、橡膠(jiao)和化學工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)方面(mian)、石油(you)(you)鉆探，精(jing)煉(lian)石油(you)(you)油(you)(you)脂(zhi)和提(ti)煉(lian)焦(jiao)油(you)(you)的石油(you)(you)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)，以(yi)及國(guo)防工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、機械工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、木材加工(gong)(gong)、冶金工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)，醫(yi)藥工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)及城市建設(she)等方面(mian)。還用于(yu)制造(zao)(zao)化學品、紙(zhi)張、肥皂和洗(xi)(xi)滌(di)劑、人造(zao)(zao)絲和玻璃(li)紙(zhi)，加工(gong)(gong)鋁礬土制氧化鋁，還用于(yu)紡(fang)織品的絲光處，水處理等。